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Are There Cost-Effective Ways to Help People Eat Less Salt?
Ann Intern Med. 2010 Mar 1;
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PMID: 20194227 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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We Can Reduce Dietary Sodium, Save Money, and Save Lives. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Mar 1; Authors: Frieden TR, Briss PA PMID: 20194226 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] [...]
Population Strategies to Decrease Sodium Intake and the Burden of Cardiovascular Disease: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Mar 1; Authors: Smith-Spangler CM, Juusola JL, Enns EA, Owens DK, Garber AM Background: Sodium consumption raises blood pressure, increasing the risk for heart attack and stroke. Several countries, including the United States, are considering strategies to decrease population sodium intake. Objective: To assess the cost-effectiveness of 2 population strategies to reduce sodium intake: government collaboration with food manufacturers to voluntarily cut sodium in processed foods, modeled on the United Kingdom experience, and a sodium tax. Design: A Markov model was constructed with 4 health states: well, acute myocardial infarction (MI), acute stroke, and history of MI or stroke. Data Sources: Medical Panel Expenditure Survey (2006), Framingham Heart Study (1980 to 2003), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension trial, and other published data. Target Population: U.S. adults aged 40 to 85 years. Time Horizon: Lifetime. Perspective: Societal. Outcome Measures: Incremental costs (2008 U.S. dollars), quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and MIs and strokes averted. Results of Base-case Analysis: Collaboration with industry that decreases mean population sodium intake by 9.5% averts 513 885 strokes and 480 358 MIs over the lifetime of adults aged 40 to 85 years who are alive today compared with the status quo, increasing QALYs by 2.1 million and saving $32.1 billion in medical costs. A tax on sodium that decreases population sodium intake by 6% increases QALYs by 1.3 million and saves $22.4 billion over the same period. Results of Sensitivity Analysis: Results are sensitive to the assumption that consumers have no disutility with modest reductions in sodium intake. Limitation: Efforts to reduce population sodium intake could result in other dietary changes that are difficult to predict. Conclusion: Strategies to reduce sodium intake on a population level in the United States are likely to substantially reduce stroke and MI incidence, which would save billions of dollars in medical expenses. Primary Funding Source: Department of Veterans Affairs, Stanford University, and the National Science Foundation. PMID: 20194225 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] [...]
Type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Mar 2;152(5):ITC31 Authors: Vijan S This issue provides a clinical overview of type 2 diabetes focusing on prevention, diagnosis, treatment, practice improvement, and patient information. Readers can complete the accompanying CME quiz for 1.5 credits. Only ACP members and individual subscribers can access the electronic features of In the Clinic. Non-subscribers who wish to access this issue of In the Clinic can elect “Pay for View.” Subscribers can receive 1.5 category 1 CME credits by completing the CME quiz that accompanies this issue of In the Clinic. The content of In the Clinic is drawn from the clinical information and education resources of the American College of Physicians (ACP), including PIER (Physicians’ Information and Education Resource) and MKSAP (Medical Knowledge and Self Assessment Program). Annals of Internal Medicine editors develop In the Clinic from these primary sources in collaboration with the ACP’s Medical Education and Publishing division and with assistance of science writers and physician writers. Editorial consultants from PIER and MKSAP provide expert review of the content. Readers who are interested in these primary resources for more detail can consult www.acponline.org, http://pier.acponline.org, and other resources referenced within each issue of In the Clinic. PMID: 20194231 [PubMed - in process] [...]
Unequal leg length and knee osteoarthritis. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Mar 2;152(5):I46 Authors: PMID: 20194230 [PubMed - in process] [...]
Cost-effectiveness of different types of evaluations before sports participation in young athletes. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Mar 2;152(5):I40 Authors: PMID: 20194229 [PubMed - in process] [...]
Adding electrocardiography to medical history and physical examination for evaluation before sports participation in college athletes. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Mar 2;152(5):I13 Authors: PMID: 20194228 [PubMed - in process] [...]
Association of leg-length inequality with knee osteoarthritis: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Mar 2;152(5):287-95 Authors: Harvey WF, Yang M, Cooke TD, Segal NA, Lane N, Lewis CE, Felson DT Background: Leg-length inequality is common in the general population and may accelerate development of knee osteoarthritis. Objective: To determine whether leg-length inequality is associated with prevalent, incident, and progressive knee osteoarthritis. Design: Prospective observational cohort study. Setting: Population samples from Birmingham, Alabama, and Iowa City, Iowa. Patients: 3026 participants aged 50 to 79 years with or at high risk for knee osteoarthritis. Measurements: The exposure was leg-length inequality, measured by full-limb radiography. The outcomes were prevalent, incident, and progressive knee osteoarthritis. Radiographic osteoarthritis was defined as Kellgren and Lawrence grade 2 or greater, and symptomatic osteoarthritis was defined as radiographic disease in a consistently painful knee. Results: Compared with leg-length inequality less than 1 cm, leg-length inequality of 1 cm or more was associated with prevalent radiographic (53% vs. 36%; odds ratio [OR], 1.9 [95% CI, 1.5 to 2.4]) and symptomatic (30% vs. 17%; OR, 2.0 [CI, 1.6 to 2.6]) osteoarthritis in the shorter leg, incident symptomatic osteoarthritis in the shorter leg (15% vs. 9%; OR, 1.7 [CI, 1.2 to 2.4]) and the longer leg (13% vs. 9%; OR, 1.5 [CI, 1.0 to 2.1]), and increased odds of progressive osteoarthritis in the shorter leg (29% vs. 24%; OR, 1.3 [CI, 1.0 to 1.7]). Limitations: Duration of follow-up may not be long enough to adequately identify cases of incidence and progression. Measurements of leg length, including radiography, are subject to measurement error, which could result in misclassification. Conclusion: Radiographic leg-length inequality was associated with prevalent, incident symptomatic, and progressive knee osteoarthritis. Leg-length inequality is a potentially modifiable risk factor for knee osteoarthritis. Primary Funding Source: National Institute on Aging. PMID: 20194234 [PubMed - in process] [...]
Cost-effectiveness of preparticipation screening for prevention of sudden cardiac death in young athletes. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Mar 2;152(5):276-86 Authors: Wheeler MT, Heidenreich PA, Froelicher VF, Hlatky MA, Ashley EA Background: Inclusion of 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) in preparticipation screening of young athletes is controversial because of concerns about cost-effectiveness. Objective: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of ECG plus cardiovascular-focused history and physical examination compared with cardiovascular-focused history and physical examination alone for preparticipation screening. Design: Decision-analysis, cost-effectiveness model. Data Sources: Published epidemiologic and preparticipation screening data, vital statistics, and other publicly available data. Target Population: Competitive athletes in high school and college aged 14 to 22 years. Time Horizon: Lifetime. Perspective: Societal. Intervention: Nonparticipation in competitive athletic activity and disease-specific treatment for identified athletes with heart disease. Outcome Measure: Incremental health care cost per life-year gained. Results of Base-Case Analysis: Addition of ECG to preparticipation screening saves 2.06 life-years per 1000 athletes at an incremental total cost of $89 per athlete and yields a cost-effectiveness ratio of $42 900 per life-year saved (95% CI, $21 200 to $71 300 per life-year saved) compared with cardiovascular-focused history and physical examination alone. Compared with no screening, ECG plus cardiovascular-focused history and physical examination saves 2.6 life-years per 1000 athletes screened and costs $199 per athlete, yielding a cost-effectiveness ratio of $76 100 per life-year saved ($62 400 to $130 000). Results of Sensitivity Analysis: Results are sensitive to the relative risk reduction associated with nonparticipation and the cost of initial screening. Limitations: Effectiveness data are derived from 1 major European study. Patterns of causes of sudden death may vary among countries. Conclusion: Screening young athletes with 12-lead ECG plus cardiovascular-focused history and physical examination may be cost-effective. Primary Funding Source: Stanford Cardiovascular Institute and the Breetwor Foundation. PMID: 20194233 [PubMed - in process] [...]
Cardiovascular Screening in College Athletes With and Without Electrocardiography: A Cross-sectional Study. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Mar 2;152(5):269-75 Authors: Baggish AL, Hutter AM, Wang F, Yared K, Weiner RB, Kupperman E, Picard MH, Wood MJ Background: Although cardiovascular screening is recommended for athletes before participating in sports, the role of 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) remains uncertain. To date, no prospective data that compare screening with and without ECG have been available. Objective: To compare the performance of preparticipation screening limited to medical history and physical examination with a strategy that integrates these with ECG. Design: Cross-sectional comparison of screening strategies. Setting: University Health Services, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Participants: 510 collegiate athletes who received cardiovascular screening before athletic participation. Measurements: Each participant had routine history and examination-limited screening and ECG. They received transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) to detect or exclude cardiac findings with relevance to sports participation. The performance of screening with history and examination only was compared with that of screening that integrated history, examination, and ECG. Results: Cardiac abnormalities with relevance to sports participation risk were observed on TTE in 11 of 510 participants (prevalence, 2.2%). Screening with history and examination alone detected abnormalities in 5 of these 11 athletes (sensitivity, 45.5% [95% CI, 16.8% to 76.2%]; specificity, 94.4% [CI, 92.0% to 96.2%]). Electrocardiography detected 5 additional participants with cardiac abnormalities (for a total of 10 of 11 participants), thereby improving the overall sensitivity of screening to 90.9% (CI, 58.7% to 99.8%). However, including ECG reduced the specificity of screening to 82.7% (CI, 79.1% to 86.0%) and was associated with a false-positive rate of 16.9% (vs. 5.5% for screening with history and examination only). Limitation: Definitive conclusions regarding the effect of ECG inclusion on sudden death rates cannot be made. Conclusion: Adding ECG to medical history and physical examination improves the overall sensitivity of preparticipation cardiovascular screening in athletes. However, this strategy is associated with an increased rate of false-positive results when current ECG interpretation criteria are used. Primary Funding Source: None. PMID: 20194232 [PubMed - in process] [...] |
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